CAL-32 – –

Pioneering state-of-the-art grazing spectrometers for basic physics research since 1987

CAL-32
Custom Anode Library

Characteristic Emission Lines from Electron-Impact Source

Photon Energy	Species	Material
49.3 eV	Mg-L/M	Mg (a)
72.4 eV	Al-L/M	Al (a) Sapphire (b)
91.5 eV	Si-L/M	Si (b)
108.5 eV	Be-K	Be (b)
132.8 eV	Y-Mz	Y (b)
151.1 eV	Zr-Mz	Zr (a,b)
171.7 eV	Nb-Mz	Nb (a,b)
183.3 eV	B-K	B (b)
192.6 eV	Mo-Mz	Mo (a,b)
237 eV	Ru-Mz	Ru (b)
Energy	Species	Material
260 eV	Rh-Mz	Rh (b)
277 eV	C-K	Graphite (a)
284.4 eV	Pd-Mz	Pd (b)
311.7 eV	Ag-Mz	Ag (a)
348.3 eV	Sc-Ll	Sc (b)
352.9 eV	Sc-Le	Sc (b)
395.3 eV	Ti-Ll	Ti (a,b)
395.4 eV	Sc-La	Sc (b)
397 eV	Sn-Mz	Sn (a)
399.6 eV	Sc-Lb	Sc (b)
401.3 eV	Ti-Le	Ti (a,b)
Energy	Species	Material
446.5 eV	V-Ll	V (a)
452.2 eV	Ti-La	Ti (a,b)
458.4 eV	Ti-Lb	Ti (a,b)
500.3 eV	Cr-Ll	Cr (b)
510.2 eV	Cr-Le	Cr (b)
511.3 eV	V-La	V (a)
519.2 eV	V-Lb	V (a)
524.9 eV	O-K	Sapphire (b)
556.3 eV	Mn-Ll	Mn (b)
567.5 eV	Mn-Le	Mn (b)
572.8 eV	Cr-La	Cr (b)
582.8 eV	Cr-Lb	Cr (b)
615.2 eV	Fe-Ll	Fe/SS303 (a)
628 eV	Fe-Le	Fe/SS303 (a)
Energy	Species	Material
637.4 eV	Mn-La	Mn (b)
648.8 eV	Mn-Lb	Mn (b)
677.8 eV	Co-Ll	Co (b)
694 eV	Co-Le	Co (b)
705 eV	Fe-La	Fe/SS303 (a)
718.5 eV	Fe-Lb	Fe/SS303 (a)
742.7 eV	Ni-Ll	Ni (a)
762 eV	Ni-Le	Ni (a)
776.2 eV	Co-La	Co (b)
791.4 eV	Co-Lb	Co (b)

Photon Energy	Species	Material
811.1 eV	Cu-Ll	Cu (a)
832 eV	Cu-Le	Cu (a)
851.5 eV	Ni-La	Ni (a)
868.8 eV	Ni-Lb	Ni (a)
884 eV	Zn-Ll	Zn (a)
929.7 eV	Cu-La	Cu (a)
949.8 eV	Cu-Lb	Cu (a)
1011.7 eV	Zn-La	Zn (a)
1034.7 eV	Zn-Lb	Zn (a)
1036.2 eV	Ge-Ll	Ge (b)
Energy	Species	Material
1068 eV	Ge-Le	Ge (b)
1188 eV	Ge-La	Ge (b)
1218.5 eV	Ge-Lb	Ge (b)
1253.6 eV	Mg-Ka	Mg (a)
1302.2 eV	Mg-Kb	Mg (a)
1380 eV	W-Mz	W (b)
1486.7 eV	Al-Ka	Al (a) Sapphire (b)
1557.5 eV	Al-Kb	Al (a) Sapphire (b)
1685.4 eV	Y-Ll	Y (b)
1710 eV	Ta-Ma	Ta (a)
1740 eV	Si-Ka	Si (b)
Energy	Species	Material
1774 eV	W-Ma	W (b)
1761 eV	Y-Le	Y (b)
1792 eV	Zr-Ll	Zr (a,b)
1835.9 eV	Si-Kb	Si (b)
1876.5 eV	Zr-Le	Zr (a,b)
1902.2 eV	Nb-Ll	Nb (a,b)
1922.6 eV	Y-La	Y (b)
1996.2 eV	Nb-Le	Nb (a,b)
2015.7 eV	Mo-Ll	Mo (a,b)
2042.4 eV	Zr-La	Zr (a,b)
Energy	Species	Material
2165.9 eV	Nb-La	Nb (a,b)
2253 eV	Ru-Ll	Ru (b)
2293.2 eV	Mo-La	Mo (a,b)
2559 eV	Ru-La	Ru (b)
2697 eV	Rh-La	Rh (b)
2839 eV	Pd-La	Pd (b)
2984 eV	Ag-La	Ag (a)
3444 eV	Sn-La	Sn (a)
4091 eV	Sc-Ka	Sc (b)
4511 eV	Ti-Ka	Ti (a,b)
4952 eV	V-Ka	V (a)
5415 eV	Cr-Ka	Cr (b)
–	–	–

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These anode cap sets are designed to be used with the Manson electron impact sources¹, models 2 and 5. As enumerated in the table, the anode library provides a multitude of characteristic lines from K, L and M-shell transitions, as well as Bremsstrahlung continua. The ability to select spectral lines at closely spaced soft x-ray photon energies allows the calibration of spectral features such as filter absorption edges, multilayer (Bragg) interference reflectance peaks and grating efficiency variations (see Fig. 2) without resorting to the use of a synchrotron radiation facility.

The same anode set fits both model 2 and model 5 Manson sources. As specified for each material in the table, the anode caps are constructed of either a) the metal itself, or b) a base of 303 stainless steel with the impact material affixed to the top using low-outgassing silver conductive epoxy. Each anode cap is vented and, following initial break-in, is compatible with vacuum into the 10-8 mbar range. With the exception of Be, all anode caps are reusable indefinitely by nylon pad cleaning of the anode surface after extended use.

Fig. 1 shows the spectrum produced by one typical anode material (zinc), consisting of several useable characteristic L-shell lines, plus an underlying continuum for the atomic number Z=30. As the Bremsstrahlung strength is highly dependent upon Z, the strongest continuum is obtained using tantalum (Z=73) or tungsten (Z=74). Anode set model CAL-32 comprises the following materials: Be(4), B, C, Sapphire, Mg, Al, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, SS303, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru,Pd, Ag, Sn, Ta and W); refer to the characteristic emission line table for the available photon energies.

As an option, enhanced cooling of the operating anodes is available, using forced-air fans combined with a copper-block finned radiator. This is found to improve the positional stability of the emission region of the Manson source and stabilize its output intensity through reduced hydrocarbon contamination.

Fig. 1. Spectrum of characteristic lines and Bremsstrahlung continuum from a zinc anode in the Manson model 2 source, using Hettrick SXR-II spectrometer and a CCD detector to record the spectrum.

Fig. 2. Absolute efficiency measurements of a free-standing transmission grating, using numerous characteristic lines from CAL-32 anode library and Hettrick SXR-II monochromator.

¹ Manson electron impact sources are manufactured and sold by Austin Instruments, Inc.
website: www.austinst.com
email: austinst@tiac.net
tel: 800-818-7403.